The Morning Of The world as we know it free essay sample

The Morning Of Indi/Alt/Pop Tragic Hero Records The Morning OF, recently known as Dont Pass Go was framed in Newborough, NY. The band has a powerful stable coming into the cutting edge music scene by joining a consistent cooperation of two lead vocals, female vocalist Jessica Leplon and male vocalist Justin Wiley. The music in The Morning Ofs sound pulls in a couple of various bearings, yet practically every tune I found an un altered crude quality which has nearly vanished. The band has arrived at 1,000,000 plays on PureVolume.com and 2,000,000 on Myspace.com. Their first national full length title The World as We Know It was discharged on January 29th, 2008 and appeared on the Billboard Heatseekers graph at # 18. Setting aside the vocalist Jessica and Justin, on Bass is Abir Hossain, guitar/piano is Chris Petrosino, and Rob Mccurdy on guitar. I tuned in to The World As We Know it appears to have a ton of fun, even quarky quality. We will compose a custom article test on The Morning Of The world as we probably am aware it or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page As I would see it these are radio commendable. #1. Dream Just get me out of this city today around evening time/a song of praise that I know a significant number of us wind up shouting inside. #2. The sound of something secure This melody sparkles elective stone. #3. Hallowed place and lovable feel great tune. #4. The world as we probably am aware it Is extraordinary in the manner they consolidate an expectation filled pop tune with the genuine words verbally expressed by Martin Luther King Jr. during is I Have a Dream discourse, finishing off this astutely organized, rousing yet intriguing melody. The highly contrasting man, Jews, Gentiles, Protestants, Catholics will have the option to hold hands. Free At Last! Free At Last! Express gratitude toward God all-powerful we are free finally! www.Myspace.comTheMorningOf Audit By: Amanda Paige The Morning Of The world as we probably am aware it free article test The Morning Of Indi/Alt/Pop Tragic Hero Records The Morning OF, recently known as Dont Pass Go was shaped in Newborough, NY. The band has a powerful stable coming into the advanced music scene by fusing a steady joint effort of two lead vocals, female vocalist Jessica Leplon and male vocalist Justin Wiley. The music in The Morning Ofs sound pulls in a couple of various bearings, however practically every melody I found an un altered crude quality which has nearly vanished. The band has arrived at 1,000,000 plays on PureVolume.com and 2,000,000 on Myspace.com. Their first national full length title The World as We Know It was discharged on January 29th, 2008 and appeared on the Billboard Heatseekers graph at # 18. Setting aside the vocalist Jessica and Justin, on Bass is Abir Hossain, guitar/piano is Chris Petrosino, and Rob Mccurdy on guitar. I tuned in to The World As We Know it appears to have a ton of fun, even quarky quality. We will compose a custom article test on The Morning Of The world as we probably am aware it or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page As I would see it these are radio commendable. #1. Dream Just get me out of this city today/a song of praise that I know a large number of us end up shouting inside. #2. The sound of something secure This melody sparkles elective stone. #3. Hallowed place and lovable feel great tune. #4. The world as we probably am aware it Is exceptional in the manner they consolidate an expectation filled pop tune with the genuine words verbally expressed by Martin Luther King Jr. during is I Have a Dream discourse, finishing off this keenly masterminded, rousing yet fascinating melody. The high contrast man, Jews, Gentiles, Protestants, Catholics will have the option to hold hands. Free At Last! Free At Last! Express gratitude toward God omnipotent we are free finally! www.Myspace.comTheMorningOf Survey By: Amanda Paige

Why the Modern Project Manager Needs to Comprehend Business Models

Presentation Strategic administration literary works have indicated the expanding requirement for organizations to understand the drawn out upper hand in the current capricious and fierce business environment.Advertising We will compose a custom coursework test on Why the Modern Project Manager Needs to Comprehend Business Models explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More indeed, most conversations and investigations show how current economies and innovation have changed the idea of conventional plans of action in many organizations that go from item to specialized companies. Be that as it may, current task chiefs scarcely see how plans of action are continued, evaluated, formed and what they really indicate (Doumeingts Ducq 2001, p.147). Along these lines, present day venture supervisors must fathom plans of action so as to create rules and systems that can assist an association with utilizing the assets effectively for endurance and rivalry. The potential and utilizatio n of plan of action Research on plans of action is as yet a youthful field however it has demonstrated its pertinence. The key sections where plans of action have improved are in the arrangement of mechanical assembly and originations that adventure bosses may endeavor to change, assess, plan, talk, fathom, and hold onto the company exchange methods of reasoning (Jones, 1960). The ensuing areas obviously feature the summed up reasons why present day venture chiefs must comprehend the idea of business models.Advertising Looking for coursework on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Sharing and Understanding Modern task directors need to grasp plans of action as they help with sharing and conveying, understanding, imagining and catching business rationales (Kaplan Norton 1992, p.1). Apportioning and bantering Nearly all companies have exchange rationales that should be caught, pictured, and fathomed. Th is must be acknowledged through plans of action. The skill to circulate and chat such business thoughts with investors is only a first objective result. As indicated by Galper (2001, p76) claims, to formalize and communicate plans of action in a solid way may help present day venture administrators in sharing and imparting their business comprehension to different investors. Such capacity is noteworthy to any discourse among people with differing foundations including engineers, framework modeler and present day venture chiefs (Aguilar-Savã ©n 2004, p.133). Fathoming The present plans of action have become convoluted particularly those that have very much fabricated e-business and ICT components. The relationship between the conclusive achievement factors and diverse plan of action components are not frequently straightforwardly watched (Chesbrough Rosenbloom, 2002). In this way, the social frameworks displaying procedure can assist current with anticipating chiefs to comprehend an d distinguish the connections and fitting constituents inside the particular undertaking area (Magretta 2002, p.87). Moreover, inside the plans of action there are visual images that can improve current undertaking administrators comprehension of any errand that lies ahead.Advertising We will compose a custom coursework test on Why the Modern Project Manager Needs to Comprehend Business Models explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Visualizing Modern task chiefs are people and they are somewhat deficient in their ability to process any multifaceted data (Kaplan Norton 2000, p.171). This can be uncovered for all intents and purposes and likely. On the off chance that undertaking information is handled through diagrammatic coordination of exchange models it can support the scale at which the involvedness could be successfully overseen. By grasping plans of action, current task supervisors can utilize the conceptualization procedure in catching the business ideas with n egligible exertion and they will have the option to introduce the results graphically (Weill Vitale 2002, p.21). Catching Even however plans of action for organizations are improved images of their business ideas, they are not really depicted unmistakably in a theoretical way. Studies show that cutting edge venture administrators are normally incapable to impart their plans of action obviously (Weill Vitale, 2001). In addition, since current undertaking supervisors draw on differing scholarly models, they think that its hard to understand plans of action likewise. In this way, a common and nonexclusive idea that can be utilized to depict and comprehend plans of action is fundamental. The structures offered by plans of action can fill in as a common language among the investors while venture directors can utilize them to do what each gathering fathoms effectively (Reich Benbasat 1996, p.55). Dissecting The idea of plans of action may help venture directors to break down corporate bus iness rationales. Indeed, through appreciating plans of action, current undertaking administrators can be very much situated to comprehend that the idea is a novel examining unit (Mahadevan, 2000).Advertising Searching for coursework on business financial aspects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More In this way, fathoming plans of action may help present day venture directors in improving the estimation, correlation, and recognition of corporate business rationales. Estimating Comprehending and catching plans of action can assist present day with anticipating supervisors to arrange proper estimates that must be followed to improve venture the board. Such ability may help in the choice of official data framework pointers that can be utilized to screen venture procedure execution. This can be by means of the utilization of a fair scorecard plan that has creative, inside business and customers just as business points of view (Bernus, 2001, p.114). Following and watching Corporate business rationales are ceaselessly changing because of outside and inner weights. Consequently, present day venture supervisors must appreciate plans of action in an organized manner to have the option to deal with explicit issues that in the end change (McKay Radnor, 1998). Contrasting Just like a possib le recognition of corporate plans of action, an organized arrangement may permit present day venture supervisors to assess their plans of action against the ones being held by rival organizations. This is established on the way that plans of action are equivalent when they are appreciated in comparative manners. At the point when venture supervisors comprehend and contrast their plans of action with those that different organizations have they are better positioned to create a few experiences that can encourage the development of plans of action (Timmers 1998, p.4). Overseeing According to Rappa (2004, p.33), plans of action assume a significant job of improving the firm business the executives rationales. Fathoming business ideas can consequently bolster current undertaking executives in rebuilding the execution, changing, booking, and plotting of corporate exchange models. With better understanding of plans of action, present day venture chiefs can rapidly respond to any changes i nside business environmental factors. Structuring It is regularly hard to plan a plan of action in which every one of its components are sound and strengthen one another. That is, it is difficult to structure a plan of action where singular components are enhanced in the undertaking. Because of these complexities current task chiefs must base the accomplishment of their undertakings on the communications between every component in the model. This comprehension is even exacerbated by the way that cutting edge innovation that is being embraced in business today changes it up of plans of action that one can envision (Lechner Hummel, 2002). Conceptualization of a plan of action that distinguishes the fundamental structure squares along with their connections empowers chiefs to draw an extended plan of action. Arranging, changing and actualizing In circumstances where business ventures require novel model or need to change the current one, conceptualization and representation of the mode l would be basic in improving arranging, change and execution. In circumstances where there is proof that components can change models can without much of a stretch be changed. Unexpectedly, Linder and Cantrell (2000) foreseen a change model where changes occurring in the firm just as its future benefit are based. Reacting Appreciating, arranging and incorporating plans of action produce the source wherein current directors can appropriately react to the outside requests. Appropriate comprehension of the idea of plan of action bolsters adjustments that lead to another type of model (Petrovic Kittl, 2001). This is significant in conditional and quick moving serious business condition. Adjusting The plan of action frames the theoretical extension that adjusts the association of the entire business, methodology, and advancements utilized. Chesbrough and Rosenbloom (2000) attest that plan of action go about as an associating develop in the midst of aptitude and the practical importance of the organization. Present day venture directors can utilize the idea of the plan of action as a noteworthy apparatus to advance turn of events, advance current business forms and adjust data frameworks (Osterwalder Pigneur, 2003). Improving dynamic The idea of plan of action upgrades correspondence and comprehension of the business rationale. In this way, supervisors or leaders can utilize the plan of action idea to be progressively educated and improve their dynamic procedure (Hayes Finnegan, 2005). Besides, the plan of action has become a creative part of assessment (Stã ¤hler, 2002) that is recognizable and tantamount. Plan of action idea bolsters grouping of new techniques that are basic in dynamic. Prospect Through reproductions and portfolios, present day venture administrators can utilize the plan of action to characterize likely possibility for the firm. The idea of plan of action is a pixie

Economic Growth and the Environment

Monetary Growth and the Environment Will the world have the option to continue financial development inconclusively without running into asset limitations or raiding nature hopeless? What is the connection between a consistent increment in wages and ecological quality? Are there exchange offs between the objectives of accomplishing high and feasible paces of monetary development and achieving elevated expectations of natural quality. For some social and physical researchers, developing monetary action (creation and utilization) requires bigger contributions of vitality and material, and produces bigger amounts of waste results. Expanded extraction of normal assets, collection of waste, and centralization of toxins would overpower the conveying limit of the biosphere and result in the debasement of natural quality and a decrease in human government assistance, regardless of rising earnings. Besides, it is contended that debasement of the asset base would in the end put financial movement itself in danger. To spare natur e and even monetary action from itself, financial development must stop and the world must make a progress to a consistent state economy. At the other outrageous, are the individuals who contend that the quickest street to ecological improvement is along the way of monetary development: with higher wages comes expanded interest for products and enterprises that are less material-escalated, just as interest for improved natural quality that prompts the selection of natural security measures. The solid connection among's salaries, and the degree to which natural assurance measures are embraced, shows that in the more drawn out run, the surest method to improve your condition is to get rich, Some went similarly as asserting that ecological guideline, by decreasing financial development, may really lessen natural quality. As agribusiness and asset extraction heighten and industrialization takes off, both asset exhaustion and waste age quicken. At more elevated levels of improvement, auxiliary change towards data based enterprises and administrations, progressively proficient advancements, and expanded interest for natural quality outcome in leveling-off and a consistent decay of ecological debasement (Panayotou 1993), as found in the Figure 1 beneath: The issue of whether ecological debasement (an) increments monotonically, (b) diminishes monotonically, or (c) first increments and afterward decreases along a country’s improvement way, has basic ramifications for strategy. A monotonic increment of natural corruption with financial development calls for severe ecological guidelines and even cutoff points on monetary development to guarantee a reasonable size of financial movement inside the biological life-emotionally supportive network (Arrow et al. 1995) A monotonic lessening of ecological corruption along a country’s advancement way recommends that strategies that quicken financial development lead likewise to fast natural upgrades and no unequivocal ecological approaches are required; without a doubt, they might be counterproductive on the off chance that they hinder monetary development and in this manner defer natural improvement. At last, if the Environmental Kuznets Curve theory is bolstered by proof, improvement approaches have the capability of being earth amiable as time goes on, (at high livelihoods), however they are likewise equipped for huge natural harm in the short-to-medium run (at low-to-medium-level earnings). For this situation, a few issues emerge: (1) at what level of per capita pay is the defining moment? (2) How much harm would have occurred, and how might they be stayed away from? (3) Would any biological limits be abused and irreversible harms happen before ecological debasement turns down, and how might they be maintained a strategic distance from? (4) Is natural improvement at higher salary levels programmed, or does it require cognizant institutional and strategy changes? furthermore, (5) how to quicken the advancement procedure with the goal that creating economies and economies on the move can encounter the equivalent improved monetary and ecological conditions delighted in by created showcase economies? Arrangement Response In the OECD nations we watch a solid decoupling of emanations of nearby air toxins from financial development. OECD nations have accomplished a solid decoupling between vitality use and financial development in the course of recent years, with the economy developing by 17% somewhere in the range of 1980 and 1998 and vitality utilize falling by the about a similar rate. Water and asset utilize kept on developing yet at a rate more slow than GDP development mirroring a powerless decoupling of the two. In this way decoupling of discharges in OECD and by and large the created ECE nations has been cultivated through a mix of innovative change and a solid natural arrangement. The last comprising of â€Å"greening† of financial approach, expelling endowments to earth hurtful exercises and the utilization of monetary instruments to disguise natural expense. Various EU strategy activities, for example, the Broad Economic Policy Guidelines 2001, among others have advanced a progressive yet consistent and solid change in the level and structure of the duty rates until outside expenses are completely reflected in costs, to adapt to the majority of the essential auxiliary issue in totally created nations, the unreasonable examples of creation and utilization. In the vitality advertises these rules plan to utilizes charges and other market-based instruments to rebalance costs for reusable vitality sources and innovations. Other EU activities toward this path are the European Climate Change Program (ECCP), the order building up an EU structure for discharges exchanging, and the Integrated Product Policy (IPP) all of which target realigning value relations and invigorating interests in new advances that advance feasible turn of events. Part states are urged to improve showcase working by tending to advertise disappointments, for example, extern alities through â€Å"increased utilization of market-based frameworks in quest for ecological targets as they give adaptability to industry to diminish contamination in a financially savvy way, just as support mechanical innovations†. Financial instruments, for example, slow however consistent and believable change in the level and structure of expense rates until outside expenses are completely reflected in costs are advanced as the most proficient methods for decoupling monetary development from contamination, as they modify value relations and accordingly likewise drive changes in innovation and purchaser conduct (inclination) that lie behind the development condition relationship. As exemplified by the vitality and transport areas, the EU decoupling approach comprises of interest the board through full-cost estimating and improvement of all the more ecologically neighborly choices by advancing mechanical developments. Since 1990 all economies on the move have put forth attempts to rebuild their vitality and transport areas along advertise standards and to raise vitality costs nearer to monetary and universal levels. Anyway in view of the political affectability of vitality evaluating and the slacking changes in many progress economies a hole of 20-85% keeps on enduring between vitality costs in economies experiencing significant change. At model power costs for families in Eastern Europe are just 50 percent of those of the European Union; for mechanical customers, power costs are nearer to their monetary and global levels being 20% lower than those of the EU. The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe has more than once called upon its individuals to raise the costs of different vitality sources to their full financial expenses and adjust monetary instruments to disguise the expenses to human wellbeing and the earth related with vitality creation and utilization. The point is to decouple em anations from vitality use and vitality use from monetary development. In spite of critical advancement towards supportable improvement created nations are as yet encountering unreasonable utilization designs as prove by the proceeded with development of metropolitan waste and CO ² emanations. As change economies recoup and develop again their emanations and asset use are additionally becoming however not exactly proportionately. Their GDP vitality force, however declining, keeps on being a few times that of the created nations while their utilization designs are following a similar way as that of their created partners. Further decoupling of development and condition and progress towards practical improvement calls for activity on numerous fronts by the two gatherings of nations just as collaboration between them particularly in innovation move: Utilization of a successful blend of financial instruments, for example, expenses, charges and tradable licenses to address market and strategy disappointments and to disguise ecological and social expenses and actuate changes in the organization of utilization and creation. Improvement in asset use effectiveness and â€Å"dematerialization† of the economy Change in the substance of economies development and this includes modifications costs which will in general be more prominent the quicker is the pace of progress in relative costs; specifically the individuals who lose should be remunerated by the individuals who advantage Acquaintance of explicit approaches with safeguard the expectations for everyday comforts of those legitimately influenced by the necessary change and to evade joblessness and social disturbance; issues of imbalance and social avoidance must be tended to.

USS Wasp CV-18 World War II Aircraft Carrier US Navy

USS Wasp CV-18 World War II Aircraft Carrier US Navy USS Wasp (CV-18) was an Essex-class plane carrying warship worked for the US Navy. It saw broad assistance in the Pacific during World War II and kept on being of administration after the war until it was decommissioned in 1972. Plan Construction Planned during the 1920s and mid 1930s, the US Navys Lexington-and Yorktown-class plane carrying warships were proposed to fit in with the restrictions set out by the Washington Naval Treaty. This understanding put limitations on the tonnage of different kinds of warships just as topped each signatorys all out tonnage. These sorts of restrictions were reaffirmed in the 1930 London Naval Treaty. As overall strains expanded, Japan and Italy left the arrangement structure in 1936. With the breakdown of the understanding, the US Navy started planning another, bigger kind of plane carrying warship and one which drew from the exercises gained from the Yorktown-class. The subsequent class was longer and more extensive just as incorporated a deck-edge lift. This had been utilized before on USS Wasp (CV-7). Notwithstanding conveying a bigger number of airplane, the new plan mounted an incredibly upgraded enemy of airplane combat hardware. Named the Essex-class, the lead transport, USS Essex (CV-9), was set down in April 1941. This was trailed by USS Oriskany (CV-18) which was set down on March 18, 1942, at Bethlehem Steels Fore River Ship Yard in Quincy, MA. Throughout the following eighteen months, the bearers frame rose on the ways. In the fall of 1942, Oriskanys name was changed to Wasp to perceive the bearer of a similar name which had been torpedoed by I-19 in the Southwest Pacific. Propelled on August 17, 1943, Wasp entered the water with Julia M. Walsh, little girl of Massachusetts Senator David I. Walsh, filling in as support. With World War II seething, laborers pushed to complete the transporter and it entered commission on November 24, 1943, with Captain Clifton A. F. Sprague in order. USS Wasp (CV-18) Overview Country: United StatesType: Aircraft CarrierShipyard: Bethlehem Steel - Fore River ShipyardLaid Down: March 18, 1942Launched: August 17, 1943Commissioned: November 24, 1943Fate: Scrapped 1973 Details Uprooting: 27,100 tonsLength: 872 ft.Beam: 93 ft.Draft: 34 ft., 2 in.Propulsion: 8 Ãâ€"boilers, 4 Ãâ€"Westinghouse equipped steam turbines, 4 Ãâ€"shaftsSpeed: 33 knotsComplement: 2,600 men Deadly implement 4 Ãâ€"twin 5 inch 38 bore guns4 Ãâ€"single 5 inch 38 gauge guns8 Ãâ€"fourfold 40 mm 56 bore guns46 Ãâ€"single 20 mm 78 bore guns90-100 airplane Entering Combat Following an investigation journey and changes in the yard, Wasp directed preparing in the Caribbean before leaving for the Pacific in March 1944. Showing up at Pearl Harbor toward the beginning of April, the bearer kept preparing then cruised for Majuro where it joined Vice Admiral Marc Mitschers Fast Carrier Task Force. Mounting attacks against Marcus and Wake Islands to test strategies in late May, Wasp started tasks against the Marianas the next month as its planes struck Tinian and Saipan. On June 15, airplane from the bearer bolstered Allied powers as they arrived in the initial activities of the Battle of Saipan. After four days, Wasp saw activity during the shocking American triumph at the Battle of the Philippine Sea. On June 21, the bearer and USS Bunker Hill (CV-17) were confined to clean up escaping Japanese powers. In spite of the fact that looking, they couldn't find the leaving foe. War in the Pacific Moving north in July, Wasp assaulted Iwo Jima and Chichi Jima before coming back to the Marianas to dispatch strikes against Guam and Rota. That September, the bearer started activities against the Philippines before moving to help the Allied arrivals on Peleliu. Recharging at Manus after this crusade, Wasp and Mitschers bearers moved through the Ryukyus before striking Formosa toward the beginning of October. This done, the bearers started assaults against Luzon to get ready for General Douglas MacArthurs arrivals on Leyte. On October 22, two days after the arrivals initiated, Wasp withdrew the zone to renew at Ulithi. After three days, with the Battle of Leyte Gulf seething, Admiral William Bull Halsey guided the bearer to come back to the territory to give help. Hustling west, Wasp partook in the later activities of the fight before again withdrawing for Ulithi on October 28. The rest of the fall was spent working against the Philippines and in mid-December, the bearer endured an extreme storm. Continuing tasks, Wasp upheld arrivals at Lingayen Gulf, Luzon in January 1945, preceding partaking in an assault through the South China Sea. Steaming north in February, the bearer assaulted Tokyo before going to cover the intrusion of Iwo Jima. Staying in the region for a few days, Wasps pilot gave ground backing to the Marines shorewards. In the wake of renewing, the bearer came back to Japanese waters in mid-March and started strikes against the home islands. Going under incessant air assault, Wasp supported an extreme bomb hit on March 19. Directing transitory fixes, the team kept the boat operational for a few days before it was pulled back. Showing up at Puget Sound Navy Yard on April 13, Wasp stayed inert until mid-July. Completely fixed, Wasp steamed west July 12 and assaulted Wake Island. Rejoining the Fast Carrier Task Force, it again started assaults against Japan. These proceeded until the suspension of threats on August 15. After ten days, Wasp persevered through a subsequent tropical storm however it continued harm to its bow. With the finish of the war, the bearer cruised for Boston where it was fitted with additional lodging for 5,900 men. Set in administration as a component of Operation Magic Carpet, Wasp cruised for Europe to help in returning American fighters home. With the finish of this obligation, it entered the Atlantic Reserve Fleet in February 1947. This idleness demonstrated brief as it moved to the New York Navy Yard the next year for a SCB-27 transformation to permit it to deal with the US Navys new stream airplane. After war Years Joining the Atlantic Fleet in November 1951, Wasp crashed into USS Hobson five months after the fact and continued extreme harm to its bow. Immediately fixed, the bearer went through the year in the Mediterranean and directing preparing practices in the Atlantic. Moved to the Pacific in late 1953, Wasp worked in the Far East for a great part of the following two years. In mid 1955, it secured the clearing of the Tachen Islands by Nationalist Chinese powers before leaving for San Francisco. Entering the yard, Wasp experienced a SCB-125 change which saw the expansion of a calculated flight deck and a tropical storm bow. This work was done late that fall and the transporter continued tasks in December. Coming back to the Far East in 1956, Wasp was redesignated as an antisubmarine fighting bearer on November 1. Moving to the Atlantic, Wasp spent the remainder of the decade leading routine activities and activities. These included raids into the Mediterranean and working with other NATO powers. Subsequent to supporting a United Nations transport in Congo during 1960, the transporter came back to typical obligations. In the fall of 1963, Wasp entered the Boston Naval Shipyard for a Fleet Rehabilitation and Modernization redesign. Finished in mid 1964, it directed an European voyage soon thereafter. Coming back toward the East Coast it recuperated Gemini IV on June 7, 1965, toward the culmination of its spaceflight. Repeating this job, it recuperated Geminis VI and VII that December. Subsequent to conveying the shuttle to port, Wasp withdrew Boston in January 1966 for practices off Puerto Rico. Experiencing serious oceans, the transporter endured basic harm and following an assessment at its goal before long returned north for fixes. After these were finished, Wasp continued ordinary exercises before recouping Gemini IX in June 1966. In November, the transporter again satisfied a job for NASA when it welcomed on board Gemini XII. Upgraded in 1967, Wasp stayed in the yard until mid 1968. Throughout the following two years, the transporter worked in the Atlantic while making a few journeys to Europe and taking part in NATO works out. These kinds of exercises proceeded into the mid 1970s when it was chosen to expel the Wasp from administration. In port at Quonset Point, RI for the last a long time of 1971, the bearer was officially decommissioned on July 1, 1972. Blasted from the Naval Vessel Register, Wasp was sold for scrap on May 21, 1973. Sources DANFS: USS Wasp (CV-18)NavSource: USS Wasp (CV-18)USS Wasp Association

Teaching and Education Philosophy :: Teaching Education Philosophy

Instructing and Education Philosophy My way of thinking is that a teacher is the most important asset our nation has. Of the considerable number of employments or professions in this world none of them would be conceivable without instructors. There are two primary concerns to my way of thinking, why instructors are significant and what teachers' identity is. Ideally perusing my way of thinking will give you a superior comprehension of the significance of instructors in this world. Educators are significant in our general public since we need them to furnish our childhood with the information and social encounters they should improve their future and the eventual fate of the whole planet. As an educator I want to be capable impact numerous lives and help understudies comprehend what instruction can accomplish for them and their future. I can review just a single educator from secondary school who really discussed school and what we would need to improve arranged for school. Dr. Lawrence was my eleventh grade science instructor. He had been a school teacher at George Mason University for around 30 years before he chose to instruct at my school. He brought a school like environment into our homeroom, which helped us, get ready for the manner in which things would be in school. This is only a little case of what educators are for, to instruct understudies on something beyond books or scholastics however on life. Educators are something beyond individuals who trans fer data about a specific subject. What teachers' identity is, they are anybody and everybody. Educators are grandmas, fathers, siblings, and sisters. For anything to be scholarly it must be educated. I recall commonly my mother and father sitting me down to discuss a few circumstances that may come to fruition and disclosing to me approaches to manage them. Homeroom educators particularly in the early years are the individuals that those understudies will see most over the span of the day and will learn <a href=http://www.

The Gender Role Reversals in Macbeth Sample Essay

The Gender Role Reversals in Macbeth Sample Essay The desire to reach the goals that can influence the role that a person can take. If we mean a woman, she can take male characteristics if she needs them at the moment. Shakespeare has presented the possibility to adopt the behavioral characteristics of another gender through the description of the appearance and through the words of Lady Macbeth where she presents her desire to be a man and not a woman. Gender role reversals are clearly presented in the Shakespeares “Macbeth”. Because of the fact that Lady Macbeth makes her husband kill Duncan, she should posses some male character features. One of her most popular speeches indicates that she has to take on the role of a man. We can find the proofs for this fact in the first act, the fifth scene where Lady Macbeth has read a letter about the witches’ prophecy and the Duncan’s intention to visit her castle in the nearest future. She’s lost her temper and expressed her desire to be a man and not a woman. Another example of gender role reversal is her behaviour in a role of a Macbeth’s wife. Lady Macbeth takes the major role in the family relationship and tells her husband what and how to do. Some people call such a behaviour an usurpation. Nowadays, it’s treated as a normal state of affairs if a woman takes the leading role in the relationship but it was very unusual and weird at that time. Another example of gender role reversal is the situation with weird sisters. There are three of them and they seem to only hurt nature. Although they are called sisters, they don’t follow the standard feminine behaviour. The hair that is on their faces indicates their true nature while the dominant role belonged to Scottish male warriors. Their belonging to a female gender is questionable in this play. With the development of the plot, the roles of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth start to switch one with another. They are precisely described and separated at the beginning of the play and their behaviour is traditional for that period of time. Duncan has even called Macbeth as a “bloody man”. The gender identity of Lady Macbeth was questionable as she clearly said “unsex me here”. Her words show that she lacks strength that is natural for males. The murders make Lady Macbeth search for the solutions to be stronger than her husband. She wants to manipulate Macbeth by making him kill someone with the words that humiliate his sexual potence. Lady Macbeth uncovers her true violent nature that was hidden under the mask of a woman. The conversation with a ghost clearly indicates and proves the fact Lady Macbeth is obsessed with the gender role that she and other people and even ghosts have. The attempts to reach a goal and satisfy the ambitions can turn a woman into a man without the need to formally change any body parts or any characteristics of the appearance. The manners, the words and the behaviour define a real state of affairs.

Moving Off The Waitlist

Moving Off the Waitlist Is it possible to get off the waitlist?After battling through the epic journey of the college application process, with all its emotional twists and turns, the torturous anticipation, the potential heaven of acceptance or hell of rejection, judgment day has finally arrived. You tear open the envelope and frantically scan the letter for a telling phrase. You have been â€Å"offered a spot.† So far, so good†¦ â€Å"on the wait list.†Ã‚  Ugh. Welcome to admissions purgatory.The good news†¦Colleges do not place students on the waitlist to soften the blow of rejection or to spread false hope. The waitlist exists as a useful tool that provides institutions with a safety net against tough-to-predict yield rates. Thus the percentage of students plucked off the waitlist varies greatly from year to year. For example, in the last decade the number of applicants accepted off of Brown University’s waitlist has fluctuated between zero and 196 students. At MIT, the la st five years have seen the number of students taken out of purgatory fall between zero and 65. It’s quite possible that you will simply luck into a good year for waitlisters.The Bad News†¦Of course, the odds are not exactly forever in a student’s favor. Stanford’s waitlisted students stand somewhere between a 0-5% chance of receiving an offer, depending on the year. Acceptance rates for those waitlisted by juggernauts like Johns Hopkins, Princeton, and Middlebury average under 4%.In the 2015 cycle, Emory students fared slightly better, with 8% eventually gaining acceptance. However, in 2016, that number dropped to a paltry 2%. UC-Irvine opened its doors to just 3% of the over 4,000 on its waitlist in the spring of 2016. At quirky/cerebral Bard College, a meager 10 students from a waitlist pool of 675 were eventually given the nod last year.Bottom line, in a good year, chances may be half-decent. In a bad year, odds are more on par with a participant in The Hunger Games.What You Can Do†¦Carnegie Mellon offers students the option of joining their â€Å"Priority Waitlist,† which means you pledge to attend if admitted. While this will improve your odds, it is worth pointing out that only 4 of 2,835 students were offered spots in Carnegie Mellon’s freshman class last fall. However, a few years back in 2014, Carnegie Mellon took a comparatively massive 5% of waitlisted hopefuls.For all other schools, the number one thing students can do while on the waitlist is communicate clearly, firmly, and respectfully to the admissions office that, if offered, you will accept a spot at the school. Admissions officers like knowing that they have students who will enroll if called upon. A sincere letter to the admission office and an occasional check-in from a guidance counselor will suffice. Waitlisted students who obsessively pepper the Dean of Admission’s inbox with crazed inquiries typically do not do themselves any favors. Remember, colleges are looking for the next productive member of their freshman class, not the next stalker.Of equal importance to expressing a student’s intentions is, not surprisingly, maintaining a strong academic performance. Spring grades, another teacher recommendation, or a recent unique accomplishment can still sway an admissions committee.You will still want to submit a non-refundable deposit at your first-choice school to which you’ve been  accepted. There are no bonus points awarded for declaring that if you do not get off of the Tufts waitlist, you’ll skip college altogether and become a street performer.If the call off of the waitlist never comes, allow your student  to grieve as they must, and then move them on and get him/her ready to thrive at their second-choice school. After all, the second-choice school surely has a waitlist full of people stuck in their own purgatory who can only dream of being in your child’s shoes.College Transi tions offers updated waitlist statistics at Americas most competitive colleges. Click here to access the most recent waitlist statistics.

Piaget And Erikson s Theory Of Development - 1239 Words

Piaget, Vygotsky, and Erikson are very well known men for their different theories of development. Although each of them believe different things about how a child develops, I believe that a child can go through all of these theories and benefit from them. I also understand that not everyone is the same, and what might be true for someone could be different for someone else. In my own personal experience, I believe I went through and I’m going through all these different stages in theories throughout my life. I also work at a daycare and we use aspects from each of these theories when going about teaching children. The three different theories include: Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, Vygotsky;s sociocultural theory of†¦show more content†¦The teacher could place two cups that have the same amount of liquid in the cups but because one of the cups is taller than the other the child is going to think the taller glass has more liquid in it. The third stag e is the concrete operational stage which occurs during ages seven to eleven. The term concrete operational means the child can reason only about tangible objects presents. So the child can conserve and think logically but only with practical aids. Thinking becomes less egocentric with increased awareness of external events. The fourth and final stage is the formal operational stage which occurs during ages eleven to fifteen. This stage focuses on hypothetical thinking and scientific reasoning. Piaget believed that only children can learn when they are ‘ready’ to learn. He also believed that development couldn t be ‘sped up.’ Piaget believed that children learned through the resolution of disequilibrium (self discovery, active participation). He believed that teachers should ‘bend’ to children’s needs, provide an appropriate environment, promote self discovery, exploratory learning, self-motivated learning, and set challenges to existing schemes. In Vygotsky’s sociocultural development theory, social interaction plays an important role in the process of cognitive development, which is different then Piaget’s understanding of child development. Vygotsky believed children are active knowledgeShow MoreRelatedPiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development969 Words   |  4 Pages20th century, the development of psychology is constantly expanding. Erikson and Piaget are two of the ealier well known theorist, both being significant in the field. Their belief s are outlined in Piaget s Cognitive Development Theory and Erikson s Psychosocial Development Theory. These theories, both similar and different, have a certain significance as the stages are outlined.Erikson and Piaget were similar in their careers and made huge progressions in child development and education. WithRead MoreDevelopment Of A Child s Social And Emotional Development1377 Words   |  6 Pageschild development there have been many scientific s tudies which have formed our understanding of children’s social and emotional development, within this essay I am going to look at some of the theses developmental theories and how they have impacted modern day society in understanding the development of a child’s social and emotional development. Development is the pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through the lifespan (Santrock, 2008, p.5) Emotional development is theRead MoreErik Erikson And Jean Piaget s Theories Essay1291 Words   |  6 PagesErik Erikson and Jean Piaget are quite similar in their theories. Jean Piaget’s cognitive theory is only slightly different than Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory. Both theorists use the idea of developmental stages. Although the stages vary in what they entail, the carry the same idea of progressive development. Jean Piaget was born September 16, 1980, in Switzerland. His research found â€Å"that the growth of knowledge is a progress ive construction of logically embedded structures superseding oneRead MoreChild Development Explanations And Understanding1702 Words   |  7 PagesChild development explanations and understanding is a complicated process and it is hard deciding the right process to use with each child. Many individuals and doctors have their own way of thinking how the body and mind develops. Their ideas have no right or wrong answers and are mere guesses of human growth. No one idea can be applied directly to a person, without looking at another idea also. To prove these explanations of psychology, scientific methods are used. Teachers may use all patternsRead MorePiaget Of The Child : Theories Of Development Essay960 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Study of the Child: Theories of Development I† (Learning Seed, 1997), according to Vygotsky, the cognitive development in children is in direct relationship, and dependent on interaction with others. (Feldman 2010, pg. 20). Vygotsky believed to truly understand cognitive development; a child’s social and cultural experiences must be considered. Piaget believes theorists that focus on the mind are called cognitive theorists. Piaget was most interested in how children think. Piaget describes stagesRead MoreHas Anyone Put Any Psychological Thought Into How They1483 Words   |  6 Pagespsychologists, Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget, dedicated their lives to this type of development. Erikson theorists would take a social influence stance, and Piagetian theorists focus on one’s cognition. So, who is right? More knowledge has been obtained to know that human behavior should be social and the need to socialize with other people. Erikson believes this whereas Piaget thought of qualitative thinking that shapes a child. Erikson is more influential about identity development because he explainsRead MoreThe Theory Of Human Development Theory1642 Words   |  7 PagesHuman development theories are theories intended to account for how and why people become, as they are. These theories provide the framework to clarify and organize e xisting observations and to try to explain and predict human behavior. It is important to recognize the complexity of human development and the theories that explain human development. (Berger, pg. 23). The three theories that have influenced by development are Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Theory, Abraham Maslow’s Humanism and Erik Erikson’sRead MoreAnalysis Of Eriksons Theory On Early Childhood Education1212 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Jean Piaget once asked, â€Å"Are we forming children who are only capable of learning what is already known?† With there being so many theoriest whose research and ideas have made an impact on early childhood education. Knowing the teoriests and the ideas that they had is vital in the education profession. Erik Erikson Hope is both the earliest and the most indispensable virtue inherent in the state of being alive. If life is to be sustained hope must remain, even where confidenceRead MoreEarly Life Experiences Impact The Person Across Their Lifespan930 Words   |  4 Pagesconveyed in the Jane Piaget theory ‘Stages of cognitive development’ (1936) and Erik Erikson theory ‘Psychosocial stages’ (1950). Piaget argued that children develop knowledge by constructing their experience and observe with their own ideas about how the thing works.(Burton, L.J., Westen, d. Kowalski, R.M. 2015) He developed 4 stages of his theory: Sensorimotor Stage, Preoperational Stage, Concrete Operational Stage and Formal Operational Stage. At the same time, Erik Erikson proposed a psychoanalyticRead MoreDevelopmental Case Study Of A Kindergartener987 Words   |  4 Pagesexplores the cognitive development, psychosocial development, moral reasoning, and oral language development of a five year old, Hispanic male kindergartener, named Esteban. These different stages are tested with the use of Piaget, Erikson, and Kohlberg s theory as identified in the text, Slavin, R. (2015), Educational Psychology: Theory and Practice (11th ed., pp. 29-66), and the Student Oral Language Observation Matrix (SOLOM). Keywords: Cognitive Development, Psychosocial Development, Moral Reasoning

The Snow Queen by Michael Cunningham

The new novel by Michael Cunningham, The Snow Queen, takes its name from the famous fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen, telling the story about love and how its power can eventually prevail over any adversity. Cunningham is known as the author of several critically acclaimed novels, including: The Hours, postmodern reworking of Virginia Woolf’s Mrs Dalloway. Pulitzer Prize-winning A Home at the End of the World. Specimen Days, heavily based on Walt Whitman’s poetry. However, in this work Cunningham steps from what is perceived by many as his specific approach of reworking original plots and concepts in a new way, which he used, for example, in his reimagining of Mrs Dalloway in The Hours. This time he takes from the original nothing much but the title, the topic of love in a very general sense, and all-pervading symbolism of winter, cold, and ice. An Icy Slice of Life The Snow Queen tells the story of two brothers going through midlife crisis. Both of them were considered to be very talented in their early years, but didn’t manage to find their places in life and reached middle age without ever making decisions or really achieving something. Barrett knows his way about poetry and knows more about Western philosophy than an average college professor, but works in a vintage clothing store, while Tyler, although possessing a real gift and inclination for music, remains an almost unknown musician and spends the majority of his time in his shabby apartment with Beth, his girlfriend dying from cancer. In the beginning of the novel Barrett sees a vision while walking through the Central Park. He doesn’t know what it is: a mystical experience, a vision, a UFO, an early sign of epilepsy or a misplaced case of Aurora Borealis. He doesn’t tell anybody, including his brother, about it, because he is not ready to allow Tyler to worry about him. Later he often wonders how this experience influenced his life and what happens around him, looking for the signs of this influence everywhere, for example, in the remission Beth undergoes soon after. Changes in Style The Snow Queen if different from earlier novels by Michael Cunningham not only because here he explores his own plotlines instead of reworking the works of other people in postmodern manner. His style differs quite a bit from the previous examples of his writing. It seems that Cunningham’s extensive study of Virginia Woolf’s creative work did a lot of good for his skills. Before he sometimes looked helpless when trying to express emotion – he tended to deepen into sentimentality and drown the reader in the flow of purple prose. In The Snow Queen this job is done by the stream of consciousness, which bears strong resemblance to Virginia Woolf’s, but still possesses unmistakable personal quirks characteristic of Cunningham. It allows him to tap directly into his characters’ feelings and emotions, without forcing the reader to deal with never-ending descriptions. All in all, it is certainly a turn for the better.

Analysis Of John Milton s Waiting For Godot - 1335 Words

Knowledge can be taken or given in any situation. The transfer of power through knowledge is inevitable, but how an individual uses it is unique to every person. Even though someone may have power, it would be useless unless it was credited by other people. The approval of others in a society is what drives the strength of power. Intelligence may be apparent in a certain individual, but without validation their knowledge is forgotten and not even considered active. If the most knowledgeable entity’s intellectual superiority, the Christian God, was not supported by others, then he would not be the center of an entire religion. In John Milton’s epic poem, his power is defined by his ability to make other people love him with complete obedience and by withholding knowledge. Pozzo, from Samuel Beckett’s play, Waiting for Godot, does the same by controlling all of his slave’s actions and withholding Lucky full potential to be an intellectual human. On the surfa ce, Pozzo from Waiting for Godot and God from Paradise Lost seem to lack similarities, however the amount of power they possess in their own situations is indistinguishable and the different ways in which they utilize their knowledge provides a glance into how different individuals react when they are superior. God is the omnipotent force driving much of John Milton’s epic poem, Paradise Lost. His power comes from his knowledge of everything in time and his control over his creations. Milton describes him as the â€Å"holy

Essay on The Invisible Mans Identity - 2066 Words

Upon opening Ralph Waldo Ellison’s book The â€Å"Invisible Man†, one will discover the shocking story of an unnamed African American and his lifelong struggle to find a place in the world. Recognizing the truth within this fiction leads one to a fork in its reality; One road stating the narrators isolation is a product of his own actions, the other naming the discriminatory views of the society as the perpetrating force infringing upon his freedom. Constantly revolving around his own self-destruction, the narrator often settles in various locations that are less than strategic for a man of African-American background. To further address the question of the narrator’s invisibility, it is important not only to analyze what he sees in himself,†¦show more content†¦This distance seems to lessen as the narrator is introduced to the brotherhood, but this does not last for long. Handed a new identity in order to maximize his protection, the narrator continues to walk away from his true self. A new name, but a false name at that, the narrator continues to increase his sense of invisibility. In due course, the narrator once again deals with the reality that he does not move by his own accord. Exploited for evangelism, the narrator is left with the single option of leaving the brotherhood. Once again he is left disposing of a fantasy that seemed tangible. Holding a belief that opposes the advice his Grandfather once gave him, the narrator welcomes others to exploit him. His Grandfather had once warned him of the tricks that the white would play, a sense of trickery that the narrator becomes part of time and time again. For example, at the university he is one of many African-American males, but as he incorporates his own values into his work with Mr. Norton he makes a huge mistake. The mistake itself being, bringing Mr. Norton to a a bar less than suitable for a man of his color and standing. While at this bar he encounters a veteran who warns him about Dr. Bledsoe and society as a whole. Dr. Bledsoe, an African American man with a role of authority becomes intertwined with the fate of the narrator as misplaced trust is once again exploited. This time taken advantage of by those of the same race and background,Show MoreRelatedThe Invisible Man By Ralph Ellison1409 Words   |  6 Pagesin Ralph Ellison’s novel, The Invisible Ma n, the prologue serves as the beginning of the end, in preparation for an epilogue that revisits the narrator’s original inner conflict at the end of a personal narrative. Situated in a hidden underground cellar, the main character, the Invisible Man recounts the journey of his naive youth from the American south to the seemingly optimistic north in Harlem, New York. However, through several unjust experiences, the Invisible Man doubts the possibility ofRead MoreThe Role Of Identity In Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man1236 Words   |  5 Pagesyour own identity to influence how you see yourself is a tribulation young adolescents face. In the novel, Invisible Man, by Ralph Ellison, Ellison highlighted the struggles the main character, the â€Å"Invisible Man (IM)†, faced when it came to the division between how he distinguished himself and how the people in his life distinguished him. This caused a lack of self-established identity within the Invisible Man and throughout th e course of the novel, various factors caused the Invisible Man to rethinkRead MoreRalph Ellison s Invisible Man925 Words   |  4 PagesRalph Ellison’s, Invisible Man, Grandfather’s dream presents a piece of advice that challenges and opens Invisible Man’s eyes to different perspectives. The dream haunts Invisible Man as he often refers to and reflects upon his grandfather’s advice. Invisible Man struggles with its complex and unclear meaning, but it eventually leads him to find his true identity. Through this struggle, Ellison suggests that power and conflicting ideologies can make it difficult to find one’s identity in a racist societyRead MoreCritical Analysis: Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man Essay1651 Words   |  7 PagesRalph Ellison’s Invisible Man, we are presented with an unnamed narrator whose values and potentials are invisible to the world around him. Throughout the entirety of the novel, we see the unnamed narrator, also known as the Invisible Man, struggle in an attempt to uncover his identity buried beneath African American oppression and an aggregation of deception. Ellison shows us how lies and deceit may serve as a grave but invaluable obstacle to one’s journey to find their identity. Through the useRead MoreAnalysis Of The Prologue Of Ralph Ellison s Invisible Man1367 Words   |  6 PagesIn the prologue of Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man, the unnamed narrator says that he is invisible, for he is not actually seen—or rather recognized—for his true self but through the imaginations of others’ minds. As surreal as his life under this â€Å"invisibility† and, literally, the ground is, the Invisible Man convinces with vivid details and emphatic diction. But the passage detailing his hallucination seems out of place, as it has far more ambiguous language and moral. However, his hallucinationRead MoreInvisible Man By Ralph Ellison1303 Words   |  6 PagesRalph Ellison’s Invisible Man is a story about an unnamed African American man trying to find a place for himself in white America. Throughout his life, he believes that his whole existence solely depends on recognition and approval of white people, which stems from him being taught to view whites as superior. The Invisible Man strives to correspond to the values and expectations of the dominate social group, but he is continuously unable to merge his socially imposed role as a black man with hisRead More`` Blackness `` : An Invisible Disposition Explored Through Free Enterprise And Invisible Man1509 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Blackness†: An Invisible Disposition Explored Through Free Enterprise and Invisible Man As observed throughout history and various societies, the notion of a â€Å"racial hierarchy† proves to be a superficial design that ultimately assigns value to a group of people based solely upon their skin color. As a result, certain groups are promptly associated with influence and supremacy, while others are disregarded in their â€Å"inherent† inferiority. Michelle Cliff’s Free Enterprise (1993) and the prologueRead MoreThe Invisible Man by H.G. Wells Essays892 Words   |  4 PagesThe Invisible Man by H. G. Wells gives an account of a man’s descent into madness as the result of his scientific feat, invisibility. Griffin, the invisible man, first appears as a mysterious stranger, bandaged and seeking shelter and recluse but progressively transforms into a lawless individual with a proposition to initiate a reign of terror. The change in Griffin’s character occurs due to his invisibility and the power it provides because â€Å"there is no on e, on this view, who is iron-willed enoughRead MoreDesiree s Free Enterprise And Ralph Ellison s Invisible Man1493 Words   |  6 Pagesgroup of people based solely upon their skin color. As a result, certain groups are promptly associated with influence and supremacy, while others are disregarded in their â€Å"inherent† inferiority. Michelle Cliff’s Free Enterprise and Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man approach this paradigm by facilitating their readers’ understandings regarding the debilitating ostracism associated with the social construct of â€Å"blackness,† as well as the metaphorical societal invisibility that is suffered as a result. InRead MoreAnalysis Of Invisible Man By Ralph Ellison1665 Words   |  7 PagesRyan LaFleche 2-21-16 Dr. Valkeakari AMS 365 The Complexity of Identity in Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison Invisible Man (1952), written by Ralph Ellison, tells the story of a young, college- educated African American man struggling to survive and succeed in a society that is racially divided that refuses to consider him to be a human being. Taking place in the late 1920s and early 1930s, this novel describes the extraordinary journey of an unnamed African American

Off Balance Sheet Accounting Free Essays

Off balance sheet financing is financing from sources other than debt or equity offerings, such as joint ventures, research and development partnership and operating leases. For complex institutions such as banks, they increase their use of off shore subsidiaries and swap transactions to avoid disclosing liabilities. In other words, off balance sheet accounting is a process which a business creates what is practically a debt that it must pay off, but the debt is accounted as another type of transaction that does not count as a liability. We will write a custom essay sample on Off Balance Sheet Accounting or any similar topic only for you Order Now Similarly, this applies to asset too. Operating leasing is the most common form of off balance sheet financing. With leasing, on the one hand, an entity could acquire the right to use an asset through a rental agreement. On the other hand, the entity could purchase the same asset using external finance. While the two arrangements may result in identical net cash flows to the entity, in the case of a purchase both the asset and the associated financing obligation appear on the entity’s balance sheet whereas in the formal scenario rental payments are accounted for as a period expense, with the asset corresponding liability omitted from the entity’s balance sheet. Entities used Special Purpose Entities (SPE), are also known as Variable Interest Entities (VIE) for off balance sheet treatment of deals. SPE or VIE is a corporation or partnership formed for the purpose of borrowing money to buy financial assets. Debts are move to a newly created company (SPE OR VIE) specifically to make a company look like it has far less debt than it actually does, which was the case with Enron. For example, a company needs to finance a business venture but doesn’t want to take on the risk, or when there is too much debt to get a loan. By starting a new SPE, they can secure a loan through the new entity. There are situations where it makes sense to start a SPE. If a company wants to branch out into another area outside of its core business, a SPE will keep that risk from affecting the main balance sheet and profitability of the company. The main factor that companies are doing off balance sheet accounting is to provide a better looking balance sheet with lower reported debt to equity ratio, which usually results in driving their stock price higher. Nevertheless, omission of the asset could help to inflate return on assets. This may make the firms look more creditworthy. For instance, by having operating leases, debt does not appear; thus, reducing financial leverage with an increase in operating leverage. By having lower leverage ratio or higher operating leverage, it could attract more investments from investors; therefore, it drives up the stock prices. Next, off balance sheet accounting allows the firms to receive benefits of the interest deduction for tax purposes while avoiding the obligation and the interest expense on its financial statements. In other words, firms with off balance sheet financing are likely to have tax interest expense that exceeds financial reporting interest expense. However, off balance sheet accounting has brought some impacts toward the stakeholders. Off balance sheet accounting removes the transparency from investors, markets and regulators. Firms use financial engineering to make their balance sheet appear that they are better capitalized and less risky than they really are. Without transparency, investors and regulators can no longer accurately assess risks. This is because investors and regulators use the balance sheet as an anchor in their assessment of risk. The shareholders could only guess at the extent of the firm’s exposure risks. This affects the judgment of stakeholders; and, it could bring tremendous loss to the stakeholders when the firms collapse. The Enron accounting fraud will best illustrate this. In order to overcome this issue, regulators have established several methods through Sarbanes-Oxley Act, MDA as well as new rules on leasing. The Securities and Exchange Commission issues final rules implementing Section 401(a) of the Act relating to the disclosure of off balance sheet arrangement, contractual obligation and contingent liabilities. These rules require disclosure of off balance sheet arrangement that have, or are reasonably likely to have, a current or future effect on a company’s condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that is material to investors. The disclosure includes elements such as the nature and business purposes to the company of the off balance sheet arrangement and the importance to the reporting company of the liquidity, capital resources, market risk support, credit risk support or other benefits provided by the arrangement. Nonetheless, firms are to disclose the amounts of revenues, expenses and cash flows of the company arising from the arrangements as well as the nature and amounts of interest retained, securities issued and other debt incurred by the company in connection with the arrangements. The rules also require public companies to disclose in a tabular format in their MDA the amounts of payments due under specified contractual obligations, aggregated by category of contractual obligation. The five categories of contractual obligations, consisting of long term debt obligations, capital lease obligations, operating lease obligations, purchase obligations and other long term debt liabilities reflected on the company’s balance sheet. The table must disclose what portion of payments under these obligations is due within less than one year, from one to three years, from three to five years and more than five years. To encourage the disclosure on off balance sheet arrangement, the amended rules include a safe harbor that applies the existing statutory safe harbors protecting forward-looking information required by the rules. With regard to the disclosure of off balance sheet arrangements, the safe harbor provision indicates that the meaningful cautionary statements element of the statutory safe harbor will be satisfied if the company satisfies all the requirements of the amended rules relating to off balance sheet disclosures. As mentioned above, operating leases can be exploited by entities for off-balance sheet financing – using an operating lease to obtain assets, thereby not increasing leverage and not decreasing return on assets. The proposed new standard on leases by the joint project of FASB and IASB, currently under development, moves away from the current â€Å"risk and returns† basis to a â€Å"right of use basis†. The lessee and the lessor will recognize assets and liabilities individually for all rights and obligations arising from a lease contract. There will no longer be separate treatments for operating and finance leases – all leases will be accounted for on the same basis. In short, operating leasing contract is no longer available and only finance leasing will be used for accounting in the near future. In short, off balance sheet accounting could be use but only with appropriate disclosures are done. By having the disclosures, balance sheet is more transparent to the stakeholders; and, the stakeholders do not need to have a wild guess on the risk of a company. Stakeholders’ investments are said to be more secured. How to cite Off Balance Sheet Accounting, Essay examples

Recommendation for Indonesian Economy

Question: Discuss about the Recommendation for Indonesian Economy. Answer: Introduction: There are various ways of arresting the inflation going on in Indonesia. The main reason for the inflation is a rise in oil price in the country. This results in cost push inflation. Events like Ramadan increases the demand for the products in the country causing demand-pull inflation. Contractionary monetary policy: The government of Indonesia can reduce inflation by taking contractionary monetary policy. The financial institutions in the country, which deals with the public directly, will get less amount of money for the lending purpose. The reduction in the money supply of the country will leave the citizen with less amount of money in hand to spend. This will arrest the spending spree of the citizen and the price level for the available goods will decrease. Increase reserve requirements: Increasing the reserve requirements will reduce the amount of money that the banks can hold for lending purposes. These banks will have to keep on hand more money for covering withdraws. With less money being lent, people will have less money to spend. It will reduce the demand for the goods available in the economy. This will, in turn, ease the inflation situation in Indonesia. This will also decrease the private investment in the country. As a result, people will have less money to spend again because the production faces a halt. The Bank Indonesia will advise how much the reserve requirements will be. Direct or indirect reduction of money supply: The Bank Sentral Republik Indonesia or the Bank Indonesia can increase the interest rates through the Federal Reserve. The banks operating in Indonesia have to give an increased interest rate in order to borrow money from the government. Here, the banks will have to lend to the public at a higher interest rate to make a profit. This will increase the interest rate faced by the citizen as a result. The increased rate of interest will reduce individual borrowing. People will demand less and spend less on goods and services in the country. This will also decrease the total domestic investment in the economy. It will cause fall in income level. With less income level expenditure on products will decrease, and the inflation rate will fall. Supply side policy: The government of Indonesia can increase the long-term competitiveness which will, in turn, increase the productivity in the country. The competitiveness of the organizations operating in the Indonesian market will bring in more ways to reduce the cost of production and decrease the prices. This will reduce inflation in the country. This policy will be applicable for long-run scenario only, as it will take the time to discover the cost-reducing technologies. The hike in oil prices will ease in the long run as well, making the transition period smooth. This will ensure a price level which will be positive for growth. Fiscal policy: The government of Indonesia can increase the tax level in order to reduce liquid money in the market. With less money in hand people will demand less and spend less on goods and products. The government of Indonesia can also decrease the spending on the economy. This will reduce the production and decrease money income in the long run. The effect will be the same as above. The government of Indonesia can also increase the subsidies on oil prices. This will reduce the overall prices in the market which had risen due to higher oil price. As a result, the rate of inflation will go down in the short run. Exchange rate policy: The government of Indonesia can increase the exchange rate to make Indonesian currency stronger than those countries from where Indonesia imports goods, services, and oil. This will reduce the price for import. The reduction in prices of goods and services of import will ensure a reduction in the domestic prices. The inflation due to the availability of goods and services will go down. As the oil price will go down, the overall price for domestic goods will also decrease. This will ensure a fall in the inflation rate. Wage control: The government of Indonesia can reduce the wages of government employees directly. A tax can be implemented on those people working in the private sector to reduce their real income. This will result in less liquid money in the hands of the citizen. With less money, spending in the economy of Indonesia will go down. This will ensure a decrease in the inflation rate of the country. The wages of the citizen of Indonesia facing a downturn will also have a negative effect on the oil prices; the oil consumption will fall. This will, in turn, reduce the overall prices of goods and commodities. References: Alpanda, Sami, and Adam Honig. 'The Impact of Central Bank Independence on the Performance of Inflation Targeting Regimes', Journal of International Money and Finance, vol. 44/(2014), pp. 118-135. Bagus, Philipp, David Howden, and Amadeus Gabriel. 'Causes and Consequences of Inflation', Business and Society Review, vol. 119/no. 4, (2014), pp. 497-517. Geronikolaou, George, Eleftherios Spyromitros, and Panagiotis Tsintzos. 'Inflation Persistence: The Path of Labor Market Structural Reforms', Economic Modelling, vol. 58/(2016), pp. 317-322. Ginindza, Mzwandile, and Esfandiar Maasoumi. 'Evaluating Inflation Targeting Based on the Distribution of Inflation and Inflation Volatility', North American Journal of Economics and Finance, vol. 26/(2013), pp. 497-518. 'Indonesia Annual Inflation Eases to 3.6 Pct in April', Xinhua News Agency,2016. 'Indonesia: Indonesia Inflation Eases to 7.75% in February', Asia News Monitor,2014. Kapetanios, George, Massimiliano Marcellino, and Fotis Papailias. 'Forecasting Inflation and GDP Growth using Heuristic Optimisation of Information Criteria and Variable Reduction Methods', Computational Statistics and Data Analysis, vol. 100/(2016;2015;), pp. 369-382. Mariyanti, Tatik, and Akhmad Affandi Mahfudz. 'Dynamic Circular Causation Model in Poverty Alleviation: Empirical Evidence from Indonesia', Humanomics, vol. 32/no. 3, (2016), pp. 275. Moessner, Richhild. 'Reactions of Real Yields and Inflation Expectations to Forward Guidance in the United States', Applied Economics, (2015), pp. 1-12. Moore, Bartholomew. 'Monetary Policy Regimes and Inflation in the New-Keynesian Model', Journal of Macroeconomics, vol. 40/(2014), pp. 323-337. Sepahvand, Mehdi. 'Liquidity Growth Control Main Factor Behind Inflation Reduction in Iran- MP', Trend Capital. English,2015. Taguchi, Hiroyuki, and Woong?Ki Sohn. 'Inflation Targeting and the Pass?through Rate in East Asian Economies', Asian Economic Journal, vol. 28/no. 2, (2014), pp. 139-159

Suicidal Mind Essays - Borderline Personality Disorder,

Suicidal Mind I havent read any books on suicide before. So I thought this book was pretty interesting and it gave me a lot of good information on suicide. This book made me realize that there are many commonalities between suicidal people. The states that the common emotion in suicide is hopelessness-helplessness. Dr. Shneidman concludes that the best way to understanding suicide is not through the study of the brain structure, nor study of social statistics and mental disease, but through the study of human emotions. Dr. Shneidman believes that those persons who commit suicide do so to either put a side or to stop unbearable psychological pain, due to the constant frustration for important psychological needs. The psychological needs that Dr. Shneidam mentions, were first described by Henry A Murray in Explorations in Personality (1938). According to Dr. Shneidman, suicides are partially part to one of the five number of frustrated psychological needs: (1) prevented love, acceptance, and belonging: (2) fractured control, and predictability: (3) assaulted self-image and avoidance or shame: (4) ruptured key relationships and attendant grief: (5) excessive anger, rage and hostility. Suicide isnt so much a factor of the psychological needs but frustration caused by basic needs for that person to function. In general a therapists or psychotherapists goal. Is to recognize a suicidal patients needs. So the therapist can help the patient see the other alternatives instead of suicide. Dr. Shneidman uses three cases from the files of a UCLA thanatologist. That showed, that killing ones self is not easy. The first case is about a lady called Ariel Page 2 Wilson, who chose self-immolation, but survived with really bad burns on her body. Ariels central need was succorance, the need to be taken care of, loved and succored. In the second case is a lady called Beatrice, who wrote out her life story while she was Dr. Shneidmans patient. Her method of suicide was knives and starvation. She was a very different case to Ariel Wilson. Beatrice had a great need for order, sanctuary, and a world that she could depend on, but what mostly showed of her intense need was how she was born with fear and anxiety. For example she would reject other people before they might possibly reject her. Its still unclear whether she has stopped her attempts at suicide. Castro the third patient was unable to speak since he had no more face after attempting to blow his brains out. Castro suffered from constriction, isolation, confused logic, and profound hopelessness. All three cases had different psychological needs and helped me understand why basic needs for peo ple are so important. I found that this book was interesting. I thought book was kinda sad at times cause some of the cases that were shown and the people wrote was depressing. But to honest I wish I did a report that I could relate more to me. Cause Ive never thought of committing and dont know anyone suicidal or who has already committed suicide. But this book did let me have a different perspective on suicidal people. This book answered my questions on suicide. Why do people commit suicide? Suicidal people usually are suffering from emotional problems. The frustration of psychological needs is what leads them to killing themselves. The book also said that everyone at least once in their lives thought about committing suicide. Book Reports

The Body Shop International Essay Example

The Body Shop International Essay Example The Body Shop International Paper The Body Shop International Paper The Body Shop International presents the case of a company whose business model strength initially relied on its Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), but that afterwards faced problems and challenges, due to mismanagement of internal resources, stakeholders conflicts, and the unawareness of external changes. The model created advantages but also limited growth, as the organization was not prepared for expansion due to the lack of corporate structure required for a global strategy. Anita Roddick believes in the power of businesses and in the use of success as a force of social change, therefore Body initial mission was to make profit with principles, that is, being especially responsible for employees, society, Third World development and the environment. This innovative, radical and daring approach became Body Shops competitive advantage (Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility); and according to this strategy defined a unique marketing approach: desirable and environmental products, moderated prices and relaxed shop environment in order to attract and educate customers (humanistic, environmental conscious). CSR pay offs to Body Shop were clearly appreciated through the 80s when it grew 50% yearly; media attention and customer awareness resulted in boost sales, shop openings, increases in stock value, etc. Exhibit 1 shows Body Shops stakeholders and the strategic outcome or value created by the companys CSR behavior by means of the centrality, specificity, voluntarism and visibility of its actions. Special emphasis and success were obtained in the Visibility dimension, as Body Shop was not always able to practice its social vision, but always was very good at promoting it. Anita is a great PR (loud and quotable) and during her management always made sure the firm gained recognition from internal and external stakeholders. Other keys for Body Shops success were Anitas leadership, charisma, influence and management style; very convenient for an Entrepreneurship venture. She created a corporate culture based on communication, informality and break the rules mentality that resulted in employees loyalty, commitment and productivity. Nevertheless, at the beginning of the 90s Body Shop seemed to have lost its magic growth formula. The main problems faced by the company were its inability to align and prioritize stakeholders interests, as well as its lack of agility and flexibility to evolve and adapt to external changes. One of the main causes was the companys low Proactivity. An initial opportunity was pursued by Body Shop due to its leader believes, vision, anecdotic and lucky events, but afterwards the company was never able to plan its behavior in anticipation of emerging trends and threats (competition, globalization, expansion) and therefore leverage its first mover advantage in the CSR field. Body Shops principal conflict of interest was with Franchises, one of its main partners and stakeholders. The company adopted this model of expansion which was initially appropriate due to its low risk (self financing), but failed in improving and controlling the network. Headquarters was not capable of implementing a control system over franchises, critical during an expansion stage, although a strict and time consuming selection was made. Some franchises were becoming unhappy, not aligned with the companys principles and unmotivated with the business and the concept. Some expressed concern about Anitas ethical and political blowups, but the bottom line was they were not profitable and felt they didnt received support and attention from headquarters. This was especially the case of independent franchises, which to date still represent 29% of the shops, who complained they were discriminated in favor of company owned ones. Body Shop is subcontracting its main asset (relationship with customers) to franchises, so they must align them. They contribute with important start up investments and royalties (5%), as well as with their knowledge and expertise about customers and markets. Vertical integration (buying back unmotivated franchises) is an alternative, but the basic problem will not be solved until they can regain control over the network and exercise legitimate authority over them, by means of implementing rules, standards, and hierarchies (Bureaucracy). Conflicts also started with other stakeholders, such as customers, investors, and even employees (complacency), mainly due to Anitas increasingly political actions. Body Shops brand and image started to deteriorate as consequence of public debates about the companys 100% natural products, best practices, thirst for publicity, hypocritical attitude and populist campaigning. That is, the companys real CSR intentions were questioned and there was a tendency to believe Body Shop expressed social concern just for selling. Potentially, customers could be lost and sales affected, as well as shareholders interests in terms of value creation (dividends, capital gains). Anita was over focusing on social activism and was indifferent to businesses bottom line: Profitability. Some of the key issues not addressed correctly by the company were their unawareness of industry changes and competitors reaction, as well as their failure in preparing an international expansion. Premium competitors such as Aveda, Lush and Origins began offering natural products, exercising pressure over Body Shop, who was not successfully innovating anymore and whose products were starting to be perceived as low end with premium price. The companys decision to expand internationally was a sensible one due to economies of scale (it was depending to much on the UK) and scope and to position itself as a global player in the cosmetic industry with the best CSR practices. However, they neither performed detailed market researches nor prepared the organizations structure for such an expansion. The U. S. market was a different one, with a diverse consumer base less concerned with environmental issues but product and price driven, less brand loyal and in where there was a tough competition, especially through advertisement; a bigger and less controllable market with few common characteristics with the English one. The Body Shop has two alternatives for international expansion: full penetration in the U. S. market with previous market segmentation, offering tailored products and services through convenient channels (gain support and capture malls) or a strategy of light penetration in the U. S. combined with focus in other potential foreign ventures, although not with the same size as the American one (Asia Pacific, Continental Europe, etc). In each case, Body Shop must train intensively to local staff, keep their values, refine their marketing strategy locally (strong advertisement in U. S. arket for example), meet local regulatory demands and continuously monitor and control implementations. In order to successfully transit to the next stage of its organizational life cycle, the Collective Stage, Body Shop should have changed its Roddicks centered organization, in were decision making was only a matter of its leaders. An informal organization was suitable when having few shops; size increase and global expansion demands a formal organization with defined control systems, strict acc ountability, increased bureaucracy and suitable information technology for information flow. A regional structure with decentralized decision making is necessary for gaining international advantage by means of national responsiveness (Multinational Corporation) and future global integration (Global Corporation). Knowledge transfer, headquarters planning, formalization and global teams coordination are key elements. Finally, leadership changes are necessary in order to avoid the organization dependency on Anita and to bring refreshing ideas and industrys best practices. Once a company is public, it needs to operate in its shareholders benefit, so focus should be profits over passion, and agency problems should be avoided, although founders legacy and best practices should be kept. Adrian Bellamy, an ex director who entered the company through a joint venture, is the actual CEO of the Body Shop, after the Roddicks stepped down due to investor pressures. Actually Anita is a consultant, and Bellamy should use Anitas knowledge and expertise in marketing and product development issues in favor of the company; let her continue travel and innovate! Body Shop should maintain its CSR advantage but also refocus its efforts in product development and retailing (franchises), taking into account characteristics of individual markets (adaptive vs. global). Cost reductions, new product launches and packaging, extension of successful ranges, promotions, refreshing store formats, new channels of distribution (Internet), I/T systems support (actually implementing SAP), are some suggested actions in order to re position the brand as one offering credible products at affordable prices. Will Body Shop achieve Sustainable Growth? Anitas legacy (CSR, innovation), together with good business management could make the company return to the success path. Although managing stakeholders relationships is not an easy and straightforward task, the company has still an important network of key partners (franchises) and a brand with global reach, within a sector (personal care) with potential and in were there are still opportunities for expansion.

Swath vs. Swatch

Swath vs. Swatch Swath vs. Swatch Swath vs. Swatch By Maeve Maddox A reader sent me this extract, asking if it might provide material for a post topic: Charles Darwin did a fine job of showing why his theory of evolution explained the living world better than any creationist ideas could, and evidence has piled up ever since, but a swatch of the American public remain unconvinced. The reader was referring to the use of swatch where the context calls for swath. The example appeared in Forbes Magazine. The editors there have since corrected swatch to swath and even include the following addendum: â€Å"An earlier version of this story contained a typo in the word swath.† Unfortunately, about 172 other sites, which copied part or all of the original Forbes article, continue to display the error. I have found the same error- perhaps they are also typos- on news sites. Here are two: During the visit to the site where construction has started and a smoothened dirt road cuts through a wide swatch of the land where olive trees used to stand, border police arrived.- Catholic News. Stanley denounced the demand that American Jews â€Å"unequivocally support Israel against criticism† when â€Å"Israeli policies of the moment can and do betray values held by a large swatch of American Jewry.†- Progressive.

Case for Briefing Dewsnup v. Timm 116 L.Ed. 2d 903, 112 S. Ct. 773 Article

Case for Briefing Dewsnup v. Timm 116 L.Ed. 2d 903, 112 S. Ct. 773 (1992) - Article Example In 1986 and 1987, plaintiff-respondents filed complaints in the Federal District Court for the District of Oregon, alleging that they were induced to invest in the partnerships by misrepresentations in offering memoranda prepared by petitioner and others in violations of inter alia, 10 (b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5 and further assert that they become aware of the alleged misrepresentations only in 1985. The court granted summary judgment for the defendants on the ground that the complaints were not timely filed, ruling that the claims were governed by Oregon's 2-year limitations period for fraud claims, the most analogous forum-state statute; that plaintiff-respondents had been on notice of the possibility of fraud as early as 1982; and that there were no grounds sufficient to toll the statute of limitations. The Court of Appeals also selected Oregon's limitations period, but reversed, finding that there were unresolved factual is- sues as to when plaintiff-respondents should have discovered the alleged fraud. No. The judgment is reversed. The court through Justice Blackmun held that litigation pursuant to 10(b) and Rule 10b-5 must be commenced within one year after the discovery of the facts constituting the violation and within three years after such violation, as provided in the 1934 Act and the Securities Act of 1933. It is the usual rule that when Congress has failed to pro- vide a statute of limitations for a

Financial Institutions & Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Financial Institutions & Markets - Essay Example What happened was, banks are known to financed their mortgage lending using customer deposits which of course is a limit to the amount of mortgage lending they can do. But in recent years, banks in a bit to fund additional borrowing, moved to a new model where they sell mortgages on the bond markets which was widely seen as an easier means of funds. But this form of borrowing led to bank abusing that incentive to carefully check mortgages they issued.1 Banks saw the business to be extremely profitable since they could earn a fee for each mortgage they sold and went ahead to urge mortgage brokers to sell more and more of these mortgages. The market soon extended especially as the private sector dramatically expanded its role in the mortgage bond market that was previously dominated by government-sponsored agencies like Freddie Mac. Prices became so high to an extend that if the boom had to continue, many US populations would have been evicted from their homes since the US interest rates too were interestingly high. The fall in housing prices affected the wider economies. The Standard & Poor’s/Case-Schiller index in March 2008 showed that housing prices in the US had fell by 11,4% in January and 8,2% in February 2008.2 In a bit to cushion the US economy from the worst effects of the credit crunch and housing slump due to the sub prime loans, the Fed in January 2008 had to cut down interest rates from 3.5% to 3% for the fifth time since September 18 2007 and today at 2.25%. This was in a bit to encourage consumption among Americans. The economic growth rate had slowed to an annual rate of 0.6% between October and December, half the rate forecast and compared with a brisk 4.9% growth rate in the previous three months due to the credit slump and may further be cut to 1,5%.3 To ward off the pressure of slower economic growth, the Bush Administration and Congress moved ahead to agree on a temporary

Franz Liszt: Biography and Works

Franz Liszt: Biography and Works Franz Liszt and the New German School In pre-modern Europe, most artists were content to follow a proud classical tradition, offering creative embellishments of their own as a contribution to the field and following the rules of composing a proper sonata, concerto, or waltz paying special attention to chord progression, harmonics, and tonality. Because much of the music was purely instrumental, each piece identified a theme in the title (i.e. Danse Macabre, Mephisto’s Waltz, Liebestraume, Moonlight Sonata etc.) and sought to bring it to life through music. While there were noteworthy artists in the field, very few had the creative ability to usher in a new era or popularise a new form of expression, which is probably why only a handful of Europe’s finest are known offhand today such as Beethoven, Chopin, Mozart and Wagner. In the mid-nineteenth century, the idea of the New German School was born and Franz Liszt was one of the most important members. It did not matter that he was not born in Germany, but bec ause the art and culture of Germany had such great influence over his work, he was claimed as one of the Great German Artists by Franz Brendel and other music commentators associated with him. Most classical aficionados have heard of Franz Liszt because of the dark dynamic quality of his work, and the artistic risks he had taken in many of his compositions—he broke conventions relating to harmonics, chord structure, tonality, and quite often did not give the work a suitable ending.[1] This is rather startling because most people settle into a routine at an advanced age—i.e. they would have ‘found their voice’ and spent much of their time refining the message—indeed, it was expected. However, many of his critics believed that Liszt’s later work was not the birth of something new. Instead, it was considered a diminishment of capabilities and a sign of some internal sickness that attacked one’s artistic sensibilities. According to Ernst Gà ¼nter, ‘the music of Liszt’s final decade (1876-1886) is the product of aesthetic weariness and distrust of the very principles of art. The disaffection of the later Liszt, which he vouched for only in isolated remarks, becomes effective in the compositions as the destruction of the aesthetic norms.’ However, one can argue that his later work was a natural progression of his earlier work and tragic events in his personal life and the rapid rate of change in the world may have had a greater influence on his later compositions than simply mere disenchantment with art itself. Instead, much of the research suggests a growing disenchantment with the world itself as he comes to face his own mortality and his interest and focus is further removed from the world around him to the afterlife instead. This paper will examine a sample of Liszt’s final works and attempt to answer the question of whether his change in style is the result of ‘aesthetic weariness’ or the next logical step in his creative path and reflective of his journey as an artist reflecting the times in which he lived. We will examine a few of his past compositions to establish a context and then discuss personal events that had taken place around the time he began to exhibit the noteworthy abandonment o f ‘norms.’ Liszt’s Persona Even today, scholars have a difficult time characterising Franz Liszt’s contribution to the musical world and what he stood for. He certainly had harsh critics and adoring fans during his stage career as expert interpreter and composer and his biography makes it difficult to put him into a box, personally or artistically. According to Liszt Scholars Michael Saffle and Rossana Dalmonte: ‘Here is where many differences of opinion concerning Liszt and his music originate. Liszt’s lifetime spanned the transitions from Napoleon’s Europe to Bismarck’s, and from the earliest railroad trains to electric lighting; his works reflect both romantic (which is to say, modern) and post romantic (which is to say, modernist) concerns. Thus, in the last analysis, it proves extremely difficult to place or describe Liszt, even through comparisons to other great figures of the past. So much is lost if we simply consign him to this or that box.’[2] During his career, he had become something akin to the nineteenth century equivalent of a rock star. Women would fight over his handkerchiefs and gloves, and the expressive passion he brought to his performances often reduced many a patron to tears. Not surprisingly, he was renowned as a ladies’ man and often found patronage (and love) from wealthy noble women. During his travels, he introduced much of the work of German composers such as Schubert, Schumann, Franz, Beethoven, and Mendelssohn to the rest of Europe, and when he switched gears from performance to composition, the German influence became evident although he hails from Hungary. As a composer, his primary aim was to wed music and poetry—a fact that he shared with Agnes Street-Klindworth, a woman with whom he had an affair and corresponded with until his death in 1886.[3] As with most poets, his songs reflected his internal state. At the time, he was absorbed in presenting dramatically flawless interpretations of the masters and he incorporated some elements of theirs into his music, though many of his critics believed that he had taken the wrong ones (i.e. Brahms).[4] Intriguingly enough, many of his contemporaries acknowledged that many of his transcriptions and interpretations of other’s works are so creative that they had taken on a life of their own. However, one can speculate that his early compositions reflected his own grand ambition to utterly master the piano as he rearranged the songs of many of the greats in his field into something that only he, with his unusual hands, could play.[5] Toward the end of his life, he had become much more contemplative, devoting much of his time composing spiritual choral pieces and wandering across Europe, which may also be considered ‘unconventional’ for a man in his mid-sixties (especially as most people did not get to live that long in the first place). Gunter notes that Liszt’s work began to ‘slip’ after 1876, however, it can be argued that his style began to shift radically from the mainstream to a new form of expression entirely. As with many artists, much of the inspiration from Franz Liszt’s music had come from his life experience, his natural temperament, and his passion for his art. In Ihr Glocken von Marling a late composition, it becomes increasingly clear that he is turning toward the more religious themes that started to creep into his work during the latter part of the 1860s. That decade brought much personal loss to Liszt. He had buried his son, daughter, and mother, his marriage to Princess Carolyne was thwarted, and he had to endure smear campaigns by a psychotic stalker.[6] At the same time, he began to turn away from the material toward the spiritual and he began to resemble more closely the archetype of the wandering ascetic. In 1876, he suffered an accident that left him the use of only nine of his fingers—even so, he was still the standard by which most pianists of his time compared themselves and composed at the speed most people write letters.[7] In his final decade, his compositions had become more concerned with the themes of death and dying as his growing ill health and spiritual sentiment was coupled with his belief that he truly had no talent. For instance, Ihr Glocken von Marling approximates the sound that calls the villagers to worship. The repetition of the chords imitates the pealing of the bells in the churchyard. The fact that it is more or less written entirely in the treble clef lends an ethereal sound to the work.[8] While that claim is ludicrous, it is a rather valid concern because he did spend most of his career creating transcriptions of other compositions. He has always had an obsessive and perfectionist streak, which he channelled effectively through his art. In one of his later letters he writes: ‘For the last two weeks I’ve been absorbed in cypresses†¦I have composed two groups of cypresses, each of more than two hundred bars, plus a postludium, to the cypresses of the Villa d’Este. These sad pieces won’t have much success and can do without it. I shall call them Therenodies, as the word elegie strikes me as too tender, and almost worldly. A few more leaves have been added to the cypresses—no less boring and redundant than the previous ones! To tell the truth I sense in myself a terrible lack of talent compared with what I would like to express; the notes I write are pitiful. A strange sense of the infinite makes me impersonal and uncommunicative.’[9] Perhaps his uncommunicativeness can be interpreted as his growing inability to conform to mainstream preferences. It is true that many of his later works focus on spirituality and Hungarian nationalism. This religious sentiment grew to a raging crescendo as he was writing the Via Crucis in which he was forced to contemplate the passion and death of Jesus and his own emotions on the matter, as he was a deeply religious man. ‘The Via Crucis possesses a complex cyclical structure unified on a variety of levels through precisely controlled motives and pitch relations, many of which take on an iconographic significance. This strange and profound work should silence those who cast doubt on the sincerity of Liszt’s religious beliefs. It is the product of deep, anguished contemplation of the passion of Jesus, a process during which one can well imagine Liszt came to identify strongly with the suffering Christ. Via Crucis conveys not only the horror and sorrow of the crucifixion, but also the wonder of God’s redeeming love for humankind.’[10] It is very clear that at this point in his career, he is finished competing with the greats of his age and is simply looking to express his true self through his art. In other fields, refusal to imitate was often seen as an affront to the scene and the fruits of one’s labour were not even considered art (i.e. Vincent van Gogh). Rather than simply producing brilliant transcriptions, he is looking to himself as a Christian, as a Hungarian, and a man that is looking at the winter of his life for inspiration. Instead of becoming despondent about his art, he was invigorated with passion, creating pieces that he intended for performance, particularly about the great Hungarian heroes in history, Mosonyi in particular. Although he had not previously done much work in the Hungarian style during the 1870’s, during the 1880s, he had become much more interested in freeing himself from the stylistic constraints of Western European music. When we had quoted him previously, Liszt said that he lacks the talent to express what he wants to say because there are so many tropes and ideas that he wanted to create through music and he simply did not have sufficient talent to carry it out. From what we know of him historically, he was never one to suffer from a lowered sense of self so he may have meant that his ideas have simply outgrown his ability to express them in art. Using the portrait theme was one of the defining art forms of the 1870s as Mussorgsky created his famous Pictures at an Exhibition ten years before. However, unlike the nationalist sentiment that had become a form of religion in modern Europe, it did not displace his faith in God as noted in Liszt’s letter to his publisher when he first brought up the idea in 1885.[11] As with Via Crucis, scholars concur that his Hungarian Portraits have the depth, resonance, and relevance to the period and served as a foreshadowing of other pieces of that nature. ‘The piece touches upon a number of harmonies which resonate with significant moments earlier in the cycle. It builds to a climactic apotheosis of the main theme in D minor, which subsides to a tender recollection of the contrasting theme in D major, and closes on a solemn note of faith and hope. In spite of the strong projection of the tonic at the conclusion, however, Liszt rigorously avoids stating the tonic root in the low bass, perhaps signifying that life is part of a greater continuum in which only God has the final word.’[12] Conclusion Much of Liszt’s work in the last decade of his life revealed an even deeper understanding of life than when he was younger. Although he was more likely to observe the conventions of composition in his youth (quite brilliantly in fact), he did not yet have more than the intellectual understanding that art was expressive and indicative of life—indeed, that it was not separate from that of the creator but instead flowed organically from his mind and his talents. Unfortunately for Liszt, his knowledge of life’s pain and the existence of other great talents in the arena (i.e. Wagner) led him to doubt his own abilities as an artist. Because he had experienced one of the most devastating losses of all—the deaths of his children, he may have lost all faith in the ‘natural order of things’ recognising that life was often chaotic, out of harmony, and progressed along unexpected paths. Because art is not formed in a vacuum, he poured his energy into crea tion, which is why the body of his later work is characterised by a focus on the sacred, death and dying. In his later years, he tried to turn these realizations into art, and indeed succeeded in creating poetry from his music. Do Liszt’s late compositions perpetuate the progressivism of the 1860’s? Not by a long shot: his songs are religiously themed with sub-themes of destruction, death, and dying in a time characterised by invention, discovery and increasing secularism. Nevertheless, it would not be fair to say that his works signalled artistic breakdown because his exploratory approach created the brilliant sacred pieces Via Crucis and Rosario, Years of Pilgrimage, and The Hungarian Portraits among many others. However, in an age where spirituality becomes increasingly unpopular, artists that reflect it in their work are often alienated by the mainstream and their work is deemed inaccessible. Bibliography Baker, James M. ‘Larger Forms in the Late Piano Works’ in Ed. Hamilton, Kenneth. The Cambridge Companion to Liszt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005 Botstein, Leon. ‘A Mirror to the Nineteenth Century: Reflections on Franz Liszt’, Franz Liszt and His World. (eds. Christopher H. Gibbs Dana A. Gooley) Princeton: Princeton University Press: 2006 Gorrell, Lorraine. The Nineteenth-Century German Lied. New Jersey: Amadeus Press LLC, 2005 Hamilton, Kenneth. ‘Liszt’s early and Weimer Piano works’ in Ed. Hamilton, Kenneth. The Cambridge Companion to Liszt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005 Liszt, Franz Agnes Street-Klindworth. Franz Liszt and Agnes Street-Klindworth: A Correspondence, 1854-1886. New York: Pendragon Press, 2000 Saffle, Michael and Rossana Dalmonte. Liszt and the Birth of Modern Europe. New York: Pendragon, 2003 Walker, Alan. Franz Liszt: The Final Years, 1861-1886. Cornell: Cornell University Press, 1997 1 Footnotes [1] Leon Botstein. ‘A Mirror to the Nineteenth Century: Reflections on Franz Liszt’, Franz Liszt and His World. (eds. Christopher H. Gibbs Dana A. Gooley) (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press: 2006) 518 [2] Michael Saffle and Rossana Dalmonte. Liszt and the Birth of Modern Europe. (New York: Pendragon, 2003) 8 [3] Franz Liszt Agnes Street-Klindworth. Franz Liszt and Agnes Street-Klindworth: A Correspondence, 1854-1886. (New York: Pendragon Press, 2000) 116 [4] Hamilton, Kenneth. ‘Liszt’s early and Weimer Piano works’ in Ed. Hamilton, Kenneth. The Cambridge Companion to Liszt. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005) 57 [5] Hamilton, 65 [6] Alan Walker. Franz Liszt: The Final Years, 1861-1886. (Cornell: Cornell University Press, 1997) 175 [7] Walker, 369 [8] Lorraine Gorrell. The Nineteenth-Century German Lied. (New Jersey: Amadeus Press, LLC, 2005 ) 246 [9] Liszt qt. Walker, 370 [10] James M. Baker. ‘Larger Forms in the Late Piano Works’ in Ed. Hamilton, Kenneth. The Cambridge Companion to Liszt. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005) 126 [11] Baker, 134 [12] Baker, 135